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Professor Dr. DDr. h.c. Hans Köchler
Academy for Cultural
Diplomacy
Seminar Winter Semester 2018/2019 & Summer Semester 2019 & Winter Semester 2019/2020 |
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Center for Cultural Diplomacy
Studies (CCDS)
Soltauer Strasse 18-22, Berlin, Germany
© Hans Köchler, 2018-2020
1. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION
5 November 2018
With the rapid progress of
technology, in particular in the fields of transportation and
communication, states have become more and more interconnected, and
their economies are increasingly interdependent. This process, commonly
described as “globalization,” appears to be irreversible (at least as
long as the free trade régime of the WTO is upheld). It has meant an
erosion of the traditional nation-state and – not least due to labor
migration – resulted in the emergence of multicultural societies on all
continents, in particular also in some of the major industrial states.
Parallel to the process of globalization – after the end of the Cold War
– is the development from a unipolar to a multipolar order
– not only at the political, but also at the socio-cultural level. This
makes a reassessment of traditional notions of “sovereignty,” “national
interest,” but also “cultural identity” unavoidable. The goals and
methods of diplomacy must be adapted to the changing realities.
Readings:
[Chatham House] Globalization and World Order. London Conference
on Globalization and World Order. Conference Papers. May 2014.
https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/field/field_document/20140521LondonConference1.pdf
Köchler, Hans. World
Order: Vision and Reality. New Delhi: Manak, 2009.
http://i-p-o.org/koechler-World_Order-Manak-2009.htm
Köchler, Hans. "Philosophical Aspects of Globalization: Basic Theses on the Interrelation of Economics, Politics, Morals and Metaphysics in a Globalized World." Globality versus Democracy? The Changing Nature of International Relations in the Era of Globalization. Vienna: International Progress Organization, 2000. 3-18. http://hanskoechler.com/rtg-hk.htm
Brzezinski, Zbigniew. "Toward a Global Realignment." The American Interest, Vol. 11, No. 6 (July/August 2016). 1-3.https://www.the-american-interest.com/2016/04/17/toward-a-global-realignment
2. GEOPOLITICAL CHANGES:
IMPLICATIONS FOR CULTURAL IDENTITY AND INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS
6
The
role of cultural diplomacy will profoundly change under the conditions
of (a) the multicultural realities at the international, regional and
domestic levels and (b) the gradual emergence of a new multipolar power
balance between the global regions. In an ever more complex
parallelogram of power relations, including political, economic, social
and cultural factors, cultural diplomacy must be more than “propaganda”
(meaning the propagation of a country’s cultural traditions and system
of values). It should not be instrumentalized by global actors simply as
a tool of “soft power,” but ideally should become part of a global
dialogue of cultures. The policy of peaceful co-existence among nations,
the very rationale of the United Nations Organization, ought to be
complemented by a policy of co-existence among cultures and
civilizations – as originally envisaged by the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Readings:
Dallmayr, F: Kayapınar, M. Akif; Yaylacı,
İsmail (eds.).
Civilizations and World Order:
Geopolitics and Cultural Difference.
Series "Global Encounters: Studies in
Comparative Political Theory." Lanham/ Boulder/New York/Toronto/Plymouth
(UK): Lexington Books, 2014.
https://books.google.at/books?id=5QeqBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Köchler, Hans (ed.).
Cultural Self-comprehension of Nations.
Studies in International [Cultural] Relations. Vol. I. Tübingen/Basel:
Erdmann, 1978.
http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3771103118&id=YI_nZjqwPIYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:3771103118&sig=Sz7RO6sk3FV0Kf_VqxDlC15mhdA
Köchler, Hans.
Cultural-philosophical Aspects of International Cooperation.
[Lecture delivered at the Royal Scientific Society, Amman, Jordan, 9
March 1974.] Vienna: International Progress Organization, 1978.
https://books.google.at/books?id=eVPaI2zYiAQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Köchler, Hans. "Unity in
Diversity: The Integrative Approach to Intercultural Relations."
United Nations Chronicle. Vol. XLIX, No. 3, 2012.
https://unchronicle.un.org/article/unity-diversity-integrative-approach-intercultural-relations
Köchler, Hans. Cultural
Diplomacy in a World of Conflict. Keynote
Lecture, Annual
Conference on Cultural Diplomacy, "Promoting Global Collaboration, Unity
& Peace through Cultural Diplomacy." Academy for Cultural Diplomacy,
Berlin, Germany, 20 December 2017.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZrSW5N6I48
D. Paul Schafer. “Culture and the New World Order.” Hans Köchler, ed. The New International Economic Order: Philosophical and Socio-cultural Implications. Guildford: Guildford Educational Press, 1980, pp. 32-38.
3.
CHALLENGES FOR CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN THE NEW GEOPOLITICAL ENVIRONMENT
In the unipolar constellation resulting from the collapse of the bipolar order of the Cold War, and after the end of the ideological rivalry between the socialist and capitalist blocs, tensions have been increasing among nations with different worldviews and value systems. Samuel Huntington’s paradigm of the “clash of civilizations” has increasingly shaped the discourse on and perception of international relations. In repeated instances, armed force has been used with the purpose of “régime change,” justified by reference to humanitarian principles or democracy and the rule of law. The resulting destabilization in the affected regions led to increasing tensions between Islam and the West in particular, and has been at the roots of the migration crisis in Europe. The question cannot be avoided whether cultural diplomacy can play a constructive role or not under the prevailing circumstances. (A conceptual distinction must be made, in this regard, between conventional “cultural diplomacy” as governmental practice and “cultural relations” in which civil society plays a major role.) What are the criteria of a credible and, at the same time, effective effort to promote co-existence between nations through cultural diplomacy? (These questions will be addressed in more detail in session 6.)
Readings:Huntington, Samuel. "The Clash of Civilizations?"
Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993. 22-49.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20045621?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Fukuyama, Francis. The End
of History? The National Interest, Summer 1989. 3-18.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027184?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Lewis, Bernard. "The Roots
of Muslim Rage." The Atlantic Monthly,
Vol. 266, No. 3, September 1990. 47–60.
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1990/09/the-roots-of-muslim-rage/304643
International Progress Organization.
The Baku Declaration on Global Dialogue and Peaceful
Co-existence among Nations and the Threats Posed by International
Terrorism. International Progress
Organization. Baku, Azerbaijan, 9 November 2001.
http://i-p-o.org/Baku_Declaration.pdf
Köchler, Hans.
"Civilization as Instrument of World Order? The
Role of the Civilizational Paradigm in the Absence of a Balance of Power."
Fred Dallmayr, M. Akif Kayapınar, İsmail
Yaylacı (eds.). Civilizations and World Order: Geopolitics
and Cultural Difference. Lanham/
Boulder/New York/Toronto/Plymouth (UK): Lexington Books, 2014. 19-33.
http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-Civilization_as_Instrument_of_World_Order-2006.pdf
Köchler, Hans. Culture and
Empire: The Imperial Claim to
Cultural Supremacy versus the Dialectics of Cultural Identity.
Lecture delivered at the Second People's Forum, Bogotá, Colombia, 22
March 2009. I.P.O. Online Papers, 2009.
http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-Culture_and_Empire-IPO-OP-2009.htm
Köchler, Hans.
"Cultural Diplomacy in a
World of Conflict."
[Keynote Speech, Annual Conference on Cultural Diplomacy 2017:
“Promoting Global Collaboration, Unity and Peace through Cultural
Diplomacy.” Berlin, 20 December 2017.]
Current Concerns, Zurich, No. 2, 22
January 2018. 1-4.
http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-Cultural-Diplomacy-World-of-Conflict-ICD-Berlin-20Dec2017-V2.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZrSW5N6I48
Köchler, Hans, and
Grabher, Gudrun (eds.). Civilizations: Conflict or Dialogue?
Studies in International Relations, Vol. XXIV. Vienna: International
Progress Organization, 1999.
https://books.google.at/books?id=1Gw97VmaeyIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=false
Köchler, Hans.
تشنج العلاقة بين الغرب والمسلمين..
الاسباب والحلول. Jadawel:
Beirut, 2013.
http://hanskoechler.com/Koechler-Muslims-West-Arabic-2013.pdf
Köchler, Hans. Religion,
Reason and Violence: Pope Benedict XVI and Islam. Statement by the
President of the International Progress Organization, Prof. Hans
Koechler, on the lecture delivered by Pope Benedict XVI at the
University of Regensburg on 12 September 2006. International
Progress Organization. Vienna, 16 September 2006.
http://i-p-o.org/koechler-Religion_Reason_Violence-16Sept06.htm
http://www.fletcherforum.org/home/2016/9/6/using-history-to-understand-muslim-western-relations-and-the-arab-spring
4.
CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN THE 21ST CENTURY: TOOL OF SOFT POWER OR
VEHICLE FOR GLOBAL DIALOGUE?
THE QUESTION OF THE PARADIGM
Traditionally, cultural diplomacy has been situated in the domain of
information and public relations, with a view of assisting a
country’s foreign policy through the propagation of its intellectual and
artistic exploits. Its motivation was not intellectual curiosity in
other cultures and lifestyles, but to improve the international image of
a country and, thus, to strengthen its position in the global bargaining
of interests among sovereign states. In this sense, cultural diplomacy
was monological (as opposed to dialogical) and
unidirectional. In the ever more complex environment of
globalization and in the global struggle for power and influence that is
typical for periods of transition, when a new balance of power is being
“negotiated” among global players, culture is – more than in other
periods – being used as a tool to project power. This is where
the fashionable notion of “soft power” comes into play. However, in view
of the ever more visible and distinct multicultural reality at
the global level, with the threat of a “clash of civilizations” becoming
the new normal (replacing the earlier ideological conflict as driving
force of inter-state relations), the role of cultural diplomacy must be
redefined and recalibrated. Instead of an ultimately reductionist
approach, defining culture as an aspect of power, the paradigm of
dialogue may be more adequate for the definition of the role of
cultural diplomacy. Unlike other factors in the global interplay of
forces, culture – as expression of a nation’s or people’s “Lebenswelt”
(life-world) – requires a unique space of freedom from politics and
societal pressure to preserve its integrity. This must also be reflected
in the cultural diplomacy of the future. Only if states resist the
temptation to instrumentalize culture for the projection of power, can
cultural diplomacy become part of a dialogue of civilizations – which is
indispensable for the preservation of peace under conditions of
globalization.
Readings:
Nye, Joseph. Soft Power:
The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs,
2004.
https://books.google.at/books?id=x5Q5DgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Joseph+Nye%22+%22Soft+POwer%22&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiK4-vWzLfdAhVEIlAKHc2AAtEQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22Joseph%20Nye%22%20%22Soft%20POwer%22&f=false
Ellwood, David. ’Soft
power’ is a flawed tool in foreign policy, but a valuable form of global
leadership. LSE USCentre / London School of Economics United States
Centre. [01.08.2018]
http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2014/01/18/soft-power-is-a-flawed-tool-in-foreign-policy-but-a-valuable-form-of-global-leadership
Khatami, Mohammad.
Address by H.E. Mr Mohammed Khatami, President of the
Islamic Republic of Iran. Round Table:
Dialogue among Civilizations. United Nations, New York, 5 September
2000. Provisional verbatim transcription.
https://web.archive.org/web/20070310224647/http://www.unesco.org/dialogue2001/en/khatami.htm
Köchler,
Hans. "Clash of
civilizations."
Bryan S. Turner, Kyung-Sup Chang, Cynthia F. Epstein, Peter Kivisto, J.
Michael Ryan, William Outhwaite (eds.). The Wiley-Blackwell
Encyclopedia of Social Theory (Vol. I). 1-3.
Chichester, West Sussex (UK): Wiley-Blackwell, 2017.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118430873.est0838
Köchler, Hans. Philosophical Foundations of Civilizational Dialogue: The Hermeneutics of Cultural Self-comprehension versus the Paradigm of Civilizational Conflict. International Seminar on Civilizational Dialogue (3rd: 15-17 September 1997: Kuala Lumpur). BP171.5 ISCD. Kertas kerja persidangan / conference papers. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Library, 1997. http://hanskoechler.com/civ-dial.htm
Köchler, Hans.
"The Philosophy and Politics of Dialogue."
[Lecture delivered at the Global Dialogue Conference 2009. University of
Aarhus, Denmark, 6 November 2009.] Culture and Dialogue,
Vol. 1, No. 2 (2011). 5-19.
http://hanskoechler.com/Koechler-Philosophy-and-Politics-of-Dialogue-Aarhus-2009.pdf
International Progress
Organization. International Symposion on The Cultural
Self-comprehension of Nations. Final Resolution. Innsbruck, Austria,
27-29 July 1974.
http://i-p-o.org/iccsn.htm
5. CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN THE
INTERNET AGE: THE ROLE OF THE “NEW SOCIAL MEDIA”
Digital
media has profoundly changed society in diverse cultural environments –
in terms of communication between individuals and collectives,
but also as regards decision-making in the domestic and
international framework. Its use has further accelerated the process of
globalization, bringing different life-worlds and value systems in
direct, almost constant contact. It has empowered individuals, enabling
them to circumvent “officialdom,” access alternative information, and
propagate their own views and positions in an interactive way.
“Citizen diplomacy” is one of the most creative forms of its use.
However, the advantages in terms of social and democratic empowerment
have to be measured against the risks of disinformation, stereotyping
(of a magnitude not imaginable in the pre-digital world) and, in
general, trivialization of the public space. The new social media has
not only “empowered” citizens, but also those who rule over
them. It has become a formidable tool in the hands of governmental
actors and international organizations. This relates, first and
foremost, to a new form of public relations that gives political actors
direct and immediate access to the electorate, allowing them to
circumvent the mainstream media. It remains to be seen whether a tool of
social emancipation (as which the social media were initially
described) can indeed be responsibly used by the holders of power – or
whether it is not all too often used for purposes of propaganda,
or exploited by intelligence services as part of the arsenal of
hybrid war. Diplomacy requires careful deliberation and negotiation
– or, in terms of realpolitik and national interest, bargaining
between geopolitical competitors on the basis of confidentiality. In
this regard, use of social media by governments cannot be part of
diplomacy per se. It is citizen diplomacy where social media can
play its most productive and constructive role.
Readings:
Köchler, Hans. "The New Social Media and the Changing Nature of Communication: Chance or Challenge for Dialogue?" Force or Dialogue: Conflicting Paradigms of World Order. Collected Papers Edited by David Armstrong. Studies in International Relations, Vol. XXXIII. New Delhi: Manak, 2015. 323-340.
Online versions:
http://hanskoechler.com/Koechler-New_Social_Media-Oct2012-V5.pdf
(English)
http://hanskoechler.com/Koechler-8-divan35.pdf (Turkish)
http://www.politstudies.ru/files/File/2013/4/7.pdf (Russian)
Adesina, Olubukola S.
"Foreign policy in an era of digital diplomacy." Cogent Social
Sciences (2017), 3: 1297175.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1297175
Alexandru, A. Twiplomacy
2015 report: Twitter is the channel of choice for digital diplomacy
(2015).
http://digitaldiplomacy.ro/twiplomacy-2015-report-twitter-is-the-channel-of-choice-for-digital-diplomacy/?lang=en
Bradshaw, S. Digital diplomacy - #notdiplomacy (2015). https://www.cigionline.org/articles/digital-diplomacy-notdiplomacy
Pohan, Syafruddin; Pohan, Hazairin; Savitri, Indah Nuria. Digital Diplomacy – Maximizing Social Media in Indonesia’s Economic and Cultural Diplomacy. 1st International Conference on Social and Political Development (ICOSOP 2016). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), Vol. 81. https://download.atlantis-press.com/article/25873531.pdf
Permuy, Carmen Villasante. Facebook as a Public Diplomacy Tool: Canadian Diplomatic Missions in Europe. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, Universidad Pontifica Comillas ICADE- ICAI. Madrid 2015.https://repositorio.comillas.edu/jspui/bitstream/11531/6047/1/TFG001380.pdf
Su, Shumin.
"Twitplomacy: Social Media
as a New Platform for Development of Public Diplomacy."
International Journal of E-Politics (IJEP),
Vol. 6(1) 2015.
https://www.igi-global.com/article/twitplomacy/124890
6. DILEMMATA OF CULTURAL
DIPLOMACY AND GUIDELINES FOR FUTURE BEST PRACTICES
As
with any other tool for the conduct of international relations, the
value and credibility of cultural diplomacy will be tested under
adverse political conditions. If it is meant to be more than just an
ornament of a state’s self-presentation and international projection of
power – or a mere corollary of the assertion of national interests,
cultural diplomacy must be able to operate also under conditions of
tension and conflict. It would be essentially meaningless and
irrelevant, should it only be applicable in situations of inter-state
harmony and peace. The crucial question is what concrete impact it may
have in situations when these conditions are absent. Some of the issues
– or dilemmata faced by cultural diplomacy – are: (a) What impact, if
any, can it have in a clash of civilizations scenario? (b) How, if at
all, can it operate under conditions of armed conflict (bilateral as
well as multilateral)? (c) How will a hostile multicultural climate at
home (which more and more has become political reality also in European
states) impact on a country’s cultural diplomacy? Is the rejection of
“multiculturalism” at the domestic (national) level compatible
with a cooperative approach at the international level? (d) Can a
country whose self-perception is based on the conviction of moral and
civilizational supremacy – and its indispensability at the global level
– credibly engage in cultural diplomacy? (e) Can exceptionalism,
or a missionary attitude in terms of religious doctrine or ideology, in
any way be reconciled with a diplomatic approach towards other
cultures? (f) How can cultural diplomacy be conducted in a
socio-political climate that is more and more shaped by the migration
crisis (and not only in Europe)? These are some of the questions
that touch upon the delicate relationship between the essentially
dialogical dimension of the cultural approach on the one hand and
power-centered international realpolitik on the other. The
problems listed here are not abstract or artificial; they determine
day-to-day reality in many countries and regions around the globe. An
evasive approach will not only be intellectually disingenuous, but also
politically counterproductive in the long term.
Ang, Ien; Raj
Isar, Yudhishthir; Mar, Phillip.
"Cultural diplomacy: beyond the national interest?"
International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 21(4), 2015. 365-381.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2015.1042474
Köchler, Hans. The “Clash
of Civilizations”: Perception and Reality in the Context of
Globalization and International Power Politics.
Lecture delivered at the International Forum on
Globalization and a Dialogue between Civilizations,
Tbilisi, Georgia, 30 September 2004.
http://hanskoechler.com/Kochler-civilizations-Tbilisi-2004-V3f.pdf
Köchler, Hans. "After September 11, 2001: Clash of Civilizations or
Dialogue?" Dialogue among Civilizations,
Vol. I. New York/Rome/Beijing: GSP/Fordham University/Pontificia
Universitas Lateranensis/Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2005.
205-218.
Online version published by the University of the Philippines: http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-FORUM%20ONLINE-UPManila-terrorism.htm
Köchler, Hans (ed.).
The "Global War on Terror" and the Question of World
Order. Studies in International Relations,
Vol. XXX. Vienna: International Progress Organization, 2008. http://books.google.com/books?id=eqEflQ0LxPkC
de los Santos, Jaime. "Improving Muslim-Western Relations to Strengthen International
Co-operation against Terrorism." Hans Köchler (ed.), The “Global
War on Terror” and the Question of World Order. Vienna: International
Progress Organization, 2008. 111-122.
https://books.google.at/books?redir_esc=y&hl=de&id=eqEflQ0LxPkC&q=de+los+Santos#v=snippet&q=de%20los%20Santos&f=false
McGregor, E.; Ragab, N.
The Role of Culture and the Arts in the
Integration of Refugees and Migrants.
European Expert Network on Culture and Audiovisual (EENCA). United
Nations University / Maastricht University, 15 February 2016.
https://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/uploads/1473335881.pdf
[European Union.] How culture and the arts can promote intercultural
dialogue in the context of the migratory and refugee crisis.
European Agenda for Culture, March 2015. Luxembourg: Publications Office
of the European Union, 2017.
https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/4943e7fc-316e-11e7-9412-01aa75ed71a1/language-en
General
Köchler, Hans. Online resources related to the role of culture in
international relations:
http://hanskoechler.com/dialogue-civilizations.htm
Köchler, Hans. The
Dialogue of Civilizations: Philosophical Basis, Political Dimensions and
the Impact of International Sporting Events. Occasional
Papers Series, No. 5. Vienna: International Progress Organization, 2002.
http://hanskoechler.com/koechler_worldcup-lecture.pdf
Köchler, Hans (ed.). Cultural
Self-comprehension of Nations. Studies in
International [Cultural] Relations. Vol. I. Tübingen/Basel: Erdmann,
1978.
Köchler, Hans. Democracy
and the International Rule of Law: Propositions for an Alternative World
Order. Springer: Vienna/New York, 1995.
Köchler, Hans. "Civilization
and World Order." World Order: Vision and
Reality. Ed. David Armstrong. New Delhi: Manak, 2009. Part II:
365-510.
Köchler, Hans. "Culture
and Identity." Force or Dialogue:
Conflicting Paradigms of World Order. Ed. David Armstrong. New
Delhi: Manak, 2015. Part II: 217-298.
Köchler, Hans (ed.).
The New International Information and Communication Order: Basis for
Cultural Dialogue and Peaceful Coexistence among Nations. Vienna:
Braumüller, 1985.
Nye, Joseph. Soft Power:
The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs,
2004.
Schafer, D. Paul. The Age
of Culture. Foreword by Federico Mayor. Oakville, Ontario: Rock’s
Mills Press, 2014.
Seibt,
J., and Garsdal, J. (eds.).
How is Global Dialogue Possible? Foundational
Research on Values, Conflicts, and Intercultural Thought.
Process Thought, Vol. 24. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2015.